Biokimia: Asam Amino dan Protein
Updated: 6/6/2024
Summary
Introduction to Amino Acids
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins. They consist of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a side chain. There are 20 different amino acids used in proteins, differing in their side chains.
Structure of Amino Acids
The general structure of amino acids includes a carboxyl group (COOH), an amine group (NH3), and a side chain (R). The 20 amino acids can be grouped based on their side chains: nonpolar aliphatic, polar neutral, negatively charged, positively charged, and aromatic.
Properties of Amino Acids
Amino acids have several properties: they are optically active, forming L and D isomers; they can exist as zwitterions (both positive and negative ions); they can act as acids and bases; and they have an isoelectric pH.
Peptides
Peptides are formed by linking two or more amino acids through peptide bonds. They are named based on the number of amino acids (dipeptide, tripeptide, etc.) and the sequence of amino acids from the N-terminus to the C-terminus.
Functions of Peptides
Peptides have various functions, such as hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon) and toxins (bioactive peptides).
Protein Structure
Proteins have four levels of structure: primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains).
Classification of Proteins
Proteins can be classified based on their functions (enzymes, nutrients, structural, defense, activators, transport, regulatory) and their shapes (globular or fibrous).
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FAQ
Q: What are the monomers that make up proteins?
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.
Q: How many different amino acids are used to make proteins?
Only 20 different amino acids are used to make proteins.
Q: What are the four levels of protein structure?
The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Q: What is the difference between primary and secondary protein structure?
Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids, while secondary structure refers to the three-dimensional structure resulting from hydrogen bonding between amino acids.
Q: How are proteins classified according to their function?
Proteins are classified into seven groups according to their function: enzymes, nutrients and storage, structural, defense, activator or contractile, transport, and regulatory.